Advances in computing power and the availability of digital data have led to significant progress in artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. As a result, novel and innovative applications of AI in healthcare continue to surface both in the scientific community and the lay press at a rapid pace. AI is the field of computer science that focuses on the development of algorithms that enable high-level and rational response, interaction, and advanced cognitive and perceptual functions by machines. One area of AI that has particularly bourgeoned over the last decade is computer vision (CV)— an interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how computers can gain a high-level understanding of digital images or videos and the ability to perform functions, such as object identification and tracking and scene recognition1. Various fields in medicine have had significant success in the development of AI models capable of performing a variety of diagnostic functions using CV (e.g., identifying abnormalities in diagnostic radiology, identifying malignant skin lesions, and interpreting electrocardiograms), and there is potential for similar success in procedural specialties such as surgery. Clinicians and innovators alike have sought to develop AI algorithms capable of improving our ability to provide therapeutic interventions, such as with real-time decision-support and computer-assisted surgery. 计算能力的进步和数字数据的可用性导致了人工智能（AI）算法的重大进展。因此，人工智能在医疗保健领域的新颖和创新的应用继续以很快的速度出现在科学界和非专业媒体上。人工智能是计算机科学的一个领域，其重点是开发算法，使机器能够做出高水平的理性反应、互动以及高级认知和感知功能。在过去十年里，人工智能的一个领域特别蓬勃发展，那就是计算机视觉（CV）–这是一个跨学科的科学领域，涉及到计算机如何获得对数字图像或视频的高层次理解，以及执行功能的能力，如物体识别和跟踪以及场景识别1。医学的各个领域在开发能够使用CV执行各种诊断功能的人工智能模型方面取得了重大成功（例如，在诊断放射学中识别异常，识别恶性皮肤病变，以及解释心电图），并且有可能在外科等程序性专业领域取得类似的成功。临床医生和创新者都在寻求开发能够提高我们提供治疗性干预能力的人工智能算法，如实时决策支持和计算机辅助手术。